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Questions 1-11

Before the 1500's,the western plains of North America were dominated by farmers.One group,the Mandans,lived in the upper Missouri River country,primarily in present-day North Dakota.They had large villages of houses built close together.The tight arrangement enabled the Mandans to protect themselves more easily from the attacks of others who might seek to obtain some of the food these highly capable farmers stored from one year to the next.

The women had primary responsibility for the fields.They had to exercise considerable skill to produce the desired results,for their northern location meant fleeting¹ growing seasons.Winter often lingered;autumn could be ushered² in by severe frost.For good measure,during the spring and summer,drought,heat,hail,grasshoppers,and other frustrations³ might await the wary⁴ grower.

Under such conditions,Mandan women had to grow maize⁵ capable of weathering adversity.They began as early as it appeared feasible to do so in the spring.clearing the land,using fire to clear stubble from the fields and then planting.From this point until the first green corn could be harvested,the crop required labor⁶ and vigilance.

Harvesting proceeded in two stages.In August the Mandans picked a smaller amount of the crop before it had matured fully⁷.This green corn was boiled,dried,and shelled,with some of the maize slated⁸ for immediate⁹ consumption and the rest stored in animal-skin bags.Later in the fall,the people picked corn.They saved the best of the harvest for seeds or for trade,with the remainder eaten right away or stored for later use in underground reserves.With appropriate banking¹⁰ of the extra food,the Mandans protected themselves against the disaster of crop failure and accompanying hunger.

The women planted another staple,squash,about the first of June,and harvested it near the time of the green corn harvest.After they picked it,they sliced it,dried it,and strung the slices before they stored them.Once again,they saved the seed from the best of the year's crop.The Mandans also grew sunflowers and tobacco;the latter was the particular task of the old men.

1.The Mandans built their houses close together in order to

(A)guard their supplies of food

(B)protect themselves against the weather

(C)allow more room for growing corn

(D)share farming implements¹¹

2.The word "enabled"in line 4is closest in meaning to

(A)covered

(B)reminded

(C)helped

(D)isolated

3.The word "considerable"in line 8is closest in meaning to

(A)planning

(B)much

(C)physical

(D)flew

4.Why does the author believe that the Mandans were skilled farmers?

(A)They developed effective fertilizers.

(B)They developed new varieties of corn.

(C)They could grow crops in most types of soil.

(D)They could grow crops despite adverse¹² weather

5.Tile word "consumption"in line 18is closest in meaning to

(A)decay

(B)planting

(C)eating

(D)conversion

6.Which of the following processes does the author imply was done by both men and women?

(A)Clearing fields

(B)Planting corn

(C)Harvesting corn

(D)harvesting squash.

7.The word "disaster"in line 22is closest in meaning to

(A)control

(B)catastrophe

(C)avoidance

(D)history

8.According to the passage,the Mandans preserved their food by

(A)smoking

(B)drying

(C)freezing.

(D)salting

9.The word "it"in line 25refers to

(A)June

(B)corn

(C)time

(D)squash

10.Which of the following crops was cultivated primarily by men

(A)Corn

(B)Squash

(C)Sunflower

(D)Tobacco

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