第二天 6.19 
 
一、写作步骤： 
1. skim the question and write the introduction 
2. input¹ the topic sentence. 找出问题所在，一个问题一句话 
3. develop the body paragraphs one by one. 逐一展开问题段落，按重要性递
减的规律展开 
4. conclusion（略） 
5. checking 
 
二、开头段的写作： 
找出原论证的结论或主张，指出原论证的论据和假设，指出原论证的逻辑错误。 
忠实的保留原始信息。 用自己的词保留原始信息。 
 In this argument / analysis, the arguer concludes / claims that…..To 
support / justify² the conclusion , the arguer points out / provides the evidence 
that …and that… In addition , the arguer reasons (推理) that ….. This 

argument suffers from several critical fallacies / flaws. 
 
三、SURVEY 问题： 
1. vague => misleading (majority, percent, base number, few, many) 
2. question: what questions will ask in the survey? 
 Loaded questions 有误导性的问题 
3. Who 
4. Average 平均数不适合于每个成员 
5. Confusing causal relationship with correlation³ 混淆因果关系与相关性 
 Every causal relationship implies a correlation, but the statistical⁴ correlation 
does not necessarily implies a causal relation. 
6. When was the survey conducted? 
7. Are respondents (授调查者) being forthright⁵ (直率，说真话) ? 

Image men / essence men 
 
闪光句型: 
 
1. the arguer over simplifies the issue of… 
2. the arguer unfairly assumes that… 
3. the arguer fails take into account other factors that … 
4. the procedure of the survey might be problematic.